Global Climate Change Action

NUCLEAR POWER AND WATER SCARCITY
by Dr Jim Green

By next week we will have 12,000 copies of a professionally-designed version of this infosheet… timed for National Water Week, October 21-27. Please let FoE know if you want a bundle
jim.green at foe.org.au

Friends of the Earth, Australia
PO Box 222 Fitzroy,
Victoria 3065.
Ph: (03) 9419 8700
Email: jim.green at foe.org.au

A number of problems associated with the nuclear industry are much-discussed – the contribution of peaceful nuclear programs to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the nuclear waste legacy, and the risk of catastrophic accidents or attacks. Less well understood are the serious impacts of the nuclear industry on water resources.

Water scarcity is already impacting on the power industry in Australia, largely because of our heavy reliance on water-guzzling coal-fired plants. Introducing nuclear power – the most water-intensive of all electricity sources – would exacerbate those problems.

Current problems and issues in Australia include:
. expensive long-distance water transportation to some power plants because of dwindling local water supplies;
. reduced electrical generating capacity and output at some coal and hydro plants;
. increased prices for water;
. higher and more volatile electricity prices;
. relaxation of laws and regulations concerning usage of river water and groundwater for some power plants;
. increased risks of blackouts; and
. intensified competition for scarce water resources between power plants, agriculture, residences, industries, environmental flows, etc.

The Commonwealth-State Ministerial Council on Energy met in early 2007 to discuss the impact of water shortages on electricity generation, and has requested regular updates from the National Electricity Market Management Company.

Current problems have led power utilities to explore alternatives such as the use of wastewater, groundwater or desalination. There is also an expectation that new plants are more likely to be built on the coast and use seawater. The use of dry (air) cooling systems may become more common but air-cooled plants are more expensive, less efficient and emit more greenhouse gases.

The Energy Supply Association of Australia notes that:

"Australia is a water constrained continent and the issue of adequacy of water supplies for generator cooling purposes is already becoming problematic in some areas. There are restrictions on the volume of water that generators may draw and in some States this is beginning to present as a limitation on the amount of electricity that some baseload generators may be able to deliver in hot months".

Nuclear Power Plants

Water for a nuclear power plant can be sourced from a river, lake, dam, or the ocean. The water has two uses; it is converted to steam to drive a turbine, and cooling water converts the steam back to water.
Nuclear power plants consume large amounts of water – typically 13-24 billion litres per year, or 35-65 million litres per day.

In 2006 The Commonwealth Department of Parliamentary Services stated:
"Per megawatt existing nuclear power stations use and consume more water than power stations using other fuel sources. Depending on the cooling technology utilised, the water requirements for a nuclear power station can vary between 20 to 83 per cent more than for other power stations."

Water outflows from nuclear plants expel relatively warm water which can have adverse local impacts in bays and gulfs, as can heavy metal and salt pollutants.

The US Environmental Protection Agency states:
"Nuclear power plants use large quantities of water for steam production and for cooling. When nuclear power plants remove water from a lake or river for steam production and cooling, fish and other aquatic life can be affected. Water pollutants, such as heavy metals and salts, build up in the water used in the nuclear power plant systems. These water pollutants, as well as the higher temperature of the water discharged from the power plant, can negatively affect water quality and aquatic life.

A US report, Licensed to Kill: How the Nuclear Power Industry Destroys Endangered Marine Wildlife and Ocean Habitat to Save Money; details the nuclear industry's destruction of delicate marine ecosystems and large numbers of animals, including endangered species. Most of the damage is done by water inflow pipes, while there are further adverse impacts from the expulsion of heated water.

See the report and video at: http://www.nirs.org/reactorwatch/licensedtokill

Reactors in numerous European countries have been periodically taken off-line or operated at reduced output because of water shortages driven by climate change, drought and heat waves. Nuclear utilities have also sought and secured exemptions from operating conditions in order to discharge overheated water.

Coal-fired power plants have large water requirements for cooling and steam generation, but these are dwarfed by the water needs of nuclear power. Some nuclear power plants can use seawater for cooling, but problems emerge when they are situated on bays and gulfs, for there the warm discharge water can accumulate and have a large impact on the local marine ecology.

Tim Flannery, 2007 Australian of the Year
Comparing Energy Sources

The water consumption of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency and conservation measures is negligible compared to nuclear or coal. Tim Flannery notes that hastening the uptake of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal ‘hot rocks’ will help ease the water crisis as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Water consumption of different energy sources:
(litres per kilowatt-hour of electrical output)
Nuclear ............. 2.3
Coal ............. 1.9
Oil ............. 1.6
Combined Cycle Gas .. 0.95
Solar PV ............. 0.11
Wind ............. 0.004

Operating a 2,400 Watt fan heater for one hour consumes: 0.01 litres of water if wind is the energy source, 0.26 litres if solar PV is the energy source, 4.5 litres if coal is the energy source, or 5.5 litres if nuclear power is the energy source.

More Information:
The detailed, referenced version of this Friends of the Earth paper is posted at: http://www.foe.org.au/campaigns/anti-nuclear/issues

National Generators Forum
http://www.ngf.com.au

National Electricity Market Management Company, April 2007,
Potential drought impact on electricity supplies
http://www.nemmco.com.au

Greenpeace, 2007, The Impact of Coal-Fired Electricity Generation and Australia Freshwater Resources
http://www.greenpeace.org/australia